The ABC of Civil Resistance

Civil resistance is a powerful way for people to fight for their rights, freedom, and justice—without the use of violence.

When people wage civil resistance, they use tactics such as strikes, boycotts, mass protests, and many other nonviolent actions to withdraw their cooperation from an oppressive system.

Throughout history and in the present day, civil resistance movements have forced change to happen, even against powerful opponents who are willing to use violence.

They disrupt business as usual, shift the behavior and loyalties of a system’s defenders, and cause bystanders to side with the movement. In the face of widespread nonviolent defiance—and the social, economic, and political pressure that it creates—an oppressive system becomes too costly to maintain and ultimately unsustainable.

Many civil resistance campaigns and movements have created these dynamics and changed history as a result.

Where has Civil Resistance Been Used?

Civil resistance has been waged in hundreds of societies and cultures around the world. It has been used for diverse purposes throughout history, such as:

Holding governments, corporations and other non-state actors accountable
Achieving women’s rights, minority rights, indigenous rights, labor rights, and democratic rights.

Anti-corruption and transparency campaigns
Self-determination struggles
Resisting foreign occupation
Campaigns for public and community safety and reducing deadly violence in conflict zones

Environmental sustainability and conservation

Land reform

Many other causes

Here are specific examples:

The British gave up their occupation of India after a decades-long nonviolent struggle by the Indian population led by Mohandas Gandhi.

The Danes, Norwegians and other peoples in Europe used civil resistance against Nazi invasion during World War II, raising the costs to Germany of its occupation of these nations, helping to strengthen the spirit and cohesion of their people, and saving the lives of thousands of Jews in Berlin to Copenhagen to Paris and elsewhere.

Labor movements around the world have consistently used tactics of civil resistance to win concessions for workers throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

African Americans used civil resistance in their struggle to dissolve segregation in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s.

Polish workers used factory-occupation strikes in 1980 to win the right to organize a free trade union, which was a major victory in a communist country at a time when tens of thousands of Soviet soldiers were stationed there.

The Filipino dictator Ferdinand Marcos and the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet were brought down by nonviolent movements in the 1980s.

The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa employed boycotts and other nonviolent sanctions for decades.

Nonviolent methods superseded violence in the 1980s to become the driving force that weakened the white-dominated government, forcing it to negotiate a transition.

In 1989 thousands of Chinese mobilized in support of democracy and occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing—but the movement was suppressed when hardliners in the government took control and ordered violent repression.
In 1989-1990, Eastern Europeans and Mongolians used civilian-based protests to put massive pressure on communist governments, liquidating their hold on power.

After a failed armed insurgency in the mid-late 1970s, East Timorese turned to nonviolent forms of struggle to resist Indonesian occupation of their country. Despite atrocities committed by the Indonesian military, years of a media blackout, and severe repression, successful mass-based civil resistance among East Timorese drew allies from within Indonesia, catalyzed international exposure and pressure for the East Timorese cause, and increasing the costs of Indonesian repression and occupation, which led to an independence referendum in 1999.

In 2000, Serbs ousted Slobodan Milosevic, after a nonviolent movement helped co-opt the police and military, thereby dividing his base of support.

In 2002, citizens in Madagascar organized nonviolently to enforce their presidential election results.
In 2003, Georgians used nonviolent action to expose fraud and enforce election results in their country, and in 2004, Ukrainians did the same.
In 2005, vast protests in Lebanon brought an end to Syrian military control.

In 2006, Nepalis used nonviolent methods to restore democratic rule to their country.

The uprising in Burma in 2007, known as the Saffron revolution, was initiated by Buddhist monks and joined by students, women and political activists. It was subjected to a brutal crackdown. However, three years later, the military began embarking on an unprecedented democratic transition that brought to power Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and her political party. The role the Saffron Revolution played in catalyzing this political transition remains up for debate.

The lawyers’ movement in Pakistan between 2007-2009 emerged in response to president Pervez Musharraf’s decision to dismiss the Chief Justice of Pakistan’s Supreme Court. Three years of civil resistance pushing for judicial independence forced Musharraf to reinstate the Chief Justice and led to Musharraf’s fall from power in 2008.

Palestinians in the West Bank continue nonviolent resistance against Israel’s construction of a wall separating Palestinians from their land. Some villages, like Bil’in or Budrus, have become internationally recognizable symbols of this struggle against Israeli occupation.

Iran’s Green movement in 2009 shook the foundations of government that had ruled the country for more than 30 years. The movement was unable to sustain mobilization in the face of violent repression. However, the next presidential elections in 2013 were not subject to falsification and a more moderate candidate won.
In late-2010 and 2011, people’s mobilization started from Tunisia and spread to Egypt and other countries in the region. Unarmed people brought down seemingly irremovable and powerful autocratic leaders, but democratic consolidation after these transitions remains uneven. Some countries, such as Syria, saw their nonviolent movements overtaken by armed resistance with tragic consequences for the population.

In 2014, people of Burkina Faso rose up, led by the popular campaign Balai Citoyen (“Citizen’s Broom”), and ended the rule of autocrat Blaise Compaoré in Burkina Faso, who had ruled the country for 27 years.

In more recent years, there have been nonviolent movements against corruption in countries such as Ukraine, Armenia, Moldova, Guatemala, Brazil, and Cambodia; struggles against authoritarian rule in Algeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Venezuela, Belarus, Russia, and Pakistan; nonviolent resistance against occupation in Palestine; for self-determination in West Papua, Western Sahara, and Tibet; for immigrant rights, minority rights, and police accountability and against climate change in the United States; for indigenous rights in Latin America; against violence and the drug war in Mexico; to preserve democracy in Hong Kong and Slovakia; and for women’s rights in India, the Middle East, China and North Africa.

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